Unlocking Chile’s productivity growth

By Claudia Ramirez Bulos and Adolfo Rodriguez-Vargas

Thanks to its strong macroeconomic framework, the Chilean economy has weathered significant challenges in recent years showing resilient growth. The economy recovered in 2024 from weak growth compared to 2023, and the economy is projected to grow around 2.2% on average in 2025 and 2026, as detailed in the recently published 2025 Economic Survey of Chile. However, the Chilean economy is about 50% less productive than the average OECD country, and productivity has failed to catch up over the last decade. Chile can reverse this trend and accelerate productivity growth to allow more sustainable increases in living standards by encouraging efficient resource allocation and taking advantage of its digital connectivity and vast natural resources. To address productivity challenges and leverage the opportunities created by the digital and green transitions, including the development of the lithium and hydrogen industries, it will be necessary to foster women’s participation in the labour market, enhance skills development, promote investment and a more dynamic innovation environment, while improving business and environmental regulations, as described in the 2025 Economic Survey of Chile.

Fully unlocking the labour market potential

Fostering women’s participation in the labour market can lead to a better allocation of talent, increasing the country’s potential growth. OECD estimates suggest that fully closing gender gaps in labour market participation and hours worked by 2060 could lift Chile’s potential GDP per capita by over 0.25 percentage points per year—a bigger boost than the OECD average. Yet, women’s participation still lags 16 percentage points behind men at 77.6%, remaining below the OECD benchmark (Figure 1, Panel A). Unlocking women’s full economic potential requires addressing unpaid work imbalances and closing education gaps in high-skill fields. Policies that expand access to high-quality childcare and elderly care, improved parental polices, alongside efforts to encourage more women into STEM careers by addressing gender stereotypes from a young age, will be key to closing gender gaps.

Enhancing skills development

Chile’s workforce needs a skills upgrade to fully seize the opportunities of the digital and green transitions. As industries evolve, workers will need to adapt—but many currently lack the necessary capabilities. In 2023, only 11.7% of Chilean adults were proficient in problem-solving in technology-rich environments, far below the OECD average of 32.3%. Additionally, 41% of employed adults felt underqualified for their jobs, citing inadequate computer or software skills, close to the OECD average of 42%. The green transition adds another layer of complexity. Chile’s green transition plans require sufficiently skilled workers to set up, operate, and improve equipment based on novel technologies, some of them still in development. Strengthening education and training systems will be crucial. Raising teaching quality, integrating more digital skills into the national curriculum, and expanding access to tailored digital training for workers can help ensure that Chile’s workforce is prepared for the jobs of the future.

Promoting investment and innovation while improving business and environmental regulations

Promoting the diffusion of knowledge across firms is key to taking advantage of Chile’s good digital connectivity and vast natural resources. Encouraging the adoption of advanced technologies can stimulate innovation and yield significant productivity gains. However, Chile invests relatively little in R&D, at 0.3% of GDP, well below the OECD average of 2.1% in 2022, with most resources coming from the public sector (Figure 1, Panel B). Furthermore, the percentage of companies that introduced technological innovations was 16.7% in 2019-2020, compared to 35% in the rest of the OECD. Simplifying access to public research and development support can help boost innovation, while strengthening the collaboration between businesses and universities, that in Chile remains low, would also help. In the medium-term, increasing R&D spending based on cost-benefit analysis would be advisable.

Figure 1. A more efficient resource allocation is needed to accelerate productivity growth

Note: LAC is a simple average of Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Panel B: Data for Chile refer to the year 2020.
Source: OECD Labour force statistics; OECD Main Science and Technology indicators database.

Chile is well positioned to benefit from increased world demand for lithium, as it has the largest share of known lithium reserves and produces around a quarter of world lithium. The country has a unique opportunity to create jobs, attract investment, and move up the lithium value chain. At the same time, the government envisions a strong state role in lithium development alongside the private sector. However, committing to multiple high-profile initiatives risks diluting efforts. A more focused approach would yield better results. Prioritizing key areas—such as strengthening state mining companies’ lithium expertise, establishing the planned National Lithium and Salt Flats Technological and Research Institute, and ensuring sustainable extraction practices—should be a priority. Strategic partnerships with private firms can also help bridge the knowledge gap and accelerate development. Additionally, regulatory and administrative burdens remain comparatively high in Chile, with complex sectoral permitting processes that lack systematised and readily available supporting information, with long durations (Figure 2). Reducing administrative burdens on businesses and strengthening competition can create a more dynamic economic landscape conducive to growth.

Figure 2. The review of permits often exceeds legal times

Permit reviewing times, months, 2018-2022 average

Source: Consejo Nacional de Evaluación y Productividad, 2023, Análisis de los permisos sectoriales prioritarios para la inversión en Chile.